Formatted Printing

Consider the following program:

name = input()
print('Hi,', name, '!')

When this code is executed with Sachin as the input, we get the following output:

Hi, Sachin !

This looks messy as there is an unwanted space after the name. This is a formatting issue. Python provides some useful tools to format text the way we want.

f-strings

The first method we will look at is called formatted string literals, or f-strings for short. Let us jump into the syntax:

name = input()
print(f'Hi, {name}!')

When this code is executed with Sachin as the input, we get the following output:

Hi, Sachin!

The messy formatting has been corrected. Let us take a closer look at the string inside the print command:

f'Hi, {name}'

This is called a formatted string literal, or f-string. The f in front of the string differentiates f-strings from normal strings. An f-string is an object that, when evaluated, results in a string. The value of the variable name is inserted in place of {name} in the f-string.

Two things are important for f-strings to work correctly:

The f in front of the string.
The curly braces {} enclosing the variable.

Let us see what happens if we miss one of these two:

name = 'Sachin'
print('Hi, {name}!')
print(f'Hi, name!')

This will give the output:

Hi, {name}!
Hi, name!

Let us now look at a few other examples:

l, b = int(input()), int(input())
print(f'The length of the rectangle is {l} units')
print(f'The breadth of the rectangle is {b} units')
print(f'The area of the rectangle is {l * b} square units')

For l = 4, b = 5, the output is:

The length of the rectangle is 4 units
The breadth of the rectangle is 5 units
The area of the rectangle is 20 square units

Notice that line-4 has an expression — l * b — inside the curly braces, not just a variable. f-strings allow any valid Python expression inside the curly braces. If the f-string has some {expression} in it, the interpreter will substitute the value of the expression.

Another example:

x = int(input())
print(f'Multiplication table for {x}')
for i in range(1, 11):
    print(f'{x} X {i} \t=\t {x * i}')

For an input of 3, this will give the following result:

Multiplication table for 3
X 1   =    3
X 2   =    6
X 3   =    9
X 4   =    12
X 5   =    15
X 6   =    18
X 7   =    21
X 8   =    24
X 9   =    27
X 10  =    30

The \t is a tab character. It has been added before and after the =. Remove both tabs and run the code to observe any changes in the output.

Till now, we have used f-strings within the print statement. Nothing stops us from using them to define other string variables:

name = input()
qual = input()
gender = input()
if qual == 'phd':
    name_respect = f'Dr. {name}'
elif gender == 'male':
    name_respect = f'Mr. {name}'
elif gender == 'female':
    name_respect = f'Ms. {name}'
print(f'Hello, {name_respect}')

Try to guess what this code is doing.

`format()`

Another way to format strings is by using a string method called format().

name = input()
print('Hi, {}!'.format(name))

In the above string, the curly braces {} will be replaced by the value of the variable name. Another example:

l, b = int(input()), int(input())
print('The length of the rectangle is {} units'.format(l))
print('The breadth of the rectangle is {} units'.format(b))
print('The area of the rectangle is {} square units'.format(l * b))

Let us now print the multiplication table using format:

x = int(input())
for i in range(1, 11):
    print('{} X {} \t=\t {}'.format(x, i, x * i))

The output will be identical to the one we saw with f-strings.

Format Specifiers

Consider the following code:

pi_approx = 22 / 7
print(f'The value of pi is approximately {pi_approx}')

This gives the following output:

The value of pi is approximately 3.142857142857143

There are too many numbers after the decimal point. Format specifiers are a way to solve this problem:

pi_approx = 22 / 7
print(f'The value of pi is approximately {pi_approx:.2f}')

This gives the following output:

The value of pi is approximately 3.14

Example

Let us print the marks of three students in a class with right alignment:

roll_1, marks_1 = 'BSC1001', 90.5
roll_2, marks_2 = 'BSC1002', 100
roll_3, marks_3 = 'BSC1003', 90.15
print(f'{roll_1}: {marks_1:10.2f}')
print(f'{roll_2}: {marks_2:10.2f}')
print(f'{roll_3}: {marks_3:10.2f}')

This produces the output:

BSC1001:      90.50
BSC1002:     100.00
BSC1003:      90.15

The 10.2f in {marks_1:10.2f} specifies that the float should be rounded to two decimal places, with a minimum width of 10.

Another example with integers:

print('{0:5d}'.format(1))
print('{0:5d}'.format(11))
print('{0:5d}'.format(111))
print('{:5d}'.format(1111))
print('{:5d}'.format(11111))
print('{:5d}'.format(111111))

This gives the following output:

Points to Note

d stands for integer.
5d after : specifies a minimum column width of 5.